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MRBackup
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MRBackup.TXT
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1990-04-12
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MRBackup Version 3.4
A Hard Disk Backup Utility
for the
Commodore Amiga
February 1990
Mark R. Rinfret
Introduction
MRBackup provides a range of services which support backup
and restore of files to/from hard disk. This program has been
available for over a year and has seen several changes (good and
bad) during that time. Version 3 contains major differences and
some incompatibilities with version 2. See the Changes file
accompanying this update for details.
Requirements
MRBackup requires the AmigaDOS version 1.3 operating system
and an installed ARP library, version 34.1 or higher (arp.library
should have been included with MRBackup). In addition, MRBackup
runs best with at least 1 megabyte of RAM installed. A hard disk
is not necessary (believe it or not!) to use MRBackup.
Installation
The MRBackup "kit" consists of the following files:
MRBackup - the program file
MRBackup.info - program icon file
MRBackup.TXT - document file
MRBackup.init - user preferences file
MRBackup.xcld - exclude filter file
MRBackup.cflt - compression filter file
arp.library - ARP shared library
Install - CLI command file installation
To perform the default installation, just type
EXECUTE Install
This will install the program in the SYS:C directory and the
support files (minus the document) in the S: directory. The
arp.library file will be copied to the LIBS: directory if it does
not already exist. MRBackup looks for its support files either in
the S: directory or in the directory that is current at the time
that MRBackup is executed. Of course, you can edit the Install
file to tailor it to meet your requirements. To obtain a
hardcopy of the document file, type
COPY MRBackup.TXT TO PRT:
Operation
To use MRBackup, click on the program icon or type MRBackup
at the CLI prompt. MRBackup runs in its own screen. During its
initialization, MRBackup will read the user preferences file
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(MRBackup.init) and set various program options (including screen
colors) according to the settings in the preferences file.
User Interface
MRBackup communicates with the user through the use of
standard Amiga features, such as windows, gadgets, requesters and
menus. It also will communicate with synthesized voice if you
enable that option.
MRBackup runs in a custom screen (2 bitplanes, 4 colors).
The colors of the screen can be adjusted through options in the
preferences file (color0 - color3) or via a color palette
accessible from the menu. The main window displays various
program settings and status information through the use of
numerous gadgets. A second window is visible only when using the
Utilities command, which can be thought of as a small
"program-within-a-program".
The main window has been designed such that primarily
dynamic (changing) information is displayed in the top half and
static information is displayed in the bottom half. If you elect
to use a console specification (CON: or NEWCON:) for your logging
device, you can drag MRBackup's screen down to reveal the logging
window and not miss what's going on in the dynamic area of
MRBackup's main window.
There is one program menu, named Operations, which invokes
MRBackup's "actions" (backup, restore, etc.). Its items will be
described in detail later on in this document.
Main Window Settings
As you view the main window, you should notice several
gadgets with boxes containing text or numbers. The gadget titles
are placed either on top of or to the right of the gadgets. When
changing the contents of the various string gadgets, please be
sure to hit the RETURN key to complete the change. MRBackup will
not recognize the change until the RETURN key has been pressed.
If you make an input error and you forget to press the RETURN
key, you may not find out about it until you start a backup or
restore operation. Several of these gadgets have arrow gadgets
(>>>>) adjacent to them. Clicking on the arrow gadgets invokes a
requester which assists in filling in the gadget values (which
may also be entered directly into the gadget box). There are also
a pair of gadgets near the upper right hand corner of the window
labelled STOP and PAUSE. The purpose of each of these gadgets
will be described in the following paragraphs.
Test Date
3
The test date is used when MRBackup performs a backup.
Only files which have been created or changed since the test
date will be eligible for backup. You should note that the
default value for the test date is "01/01/78 00:00:00" which
is the Amiga's "beginning of history". This value makes all
files eligible for backup operations. You may enter a new
value (using the same format as the default value) by
typing directly into the test date string gadget (and
pressing RETURN) or you can invoke MRBackup's date requester
by clicking on the arrow gadget adjacent to the test date
gadget.
If you click on the arrow gadget, a requester
containing the test date will appear. You may then change
the test date through a combination of keyboard and gadget
operations. Remember that to clear the gadget, you may
press right-Amiga-x. A null date value (all blanks) is
allowed, should you want to backup all files in the home
path, regardless of their creation dates. The minimum date
value handled by this date requester is 01/01/78. The
required date and time format is MM/DD/YY HH:MM:SS (24 hour
clock), the time specification being optional. You will
notice upward and downward pointing "arrows" above each date
component. Clicking on the appropriate arrow will increment
or decrement the respective portion of the date. Though the
values normally will wrap around, not affecting adjacent
date components, certain situations will arise where
incrementing a day value may cause the month to increment
(incrementing February 28 in a non-leap-year will yield
March 31). There is also a "NOW" gadget. Though not too
meaningful by itself, it provides a convenient way to "click
in" dates like "yesterday". To do this, simply click on the
"NOW" gadget, then click on the uparrow gadget above the day
field of the date.
Status
The Status gadget provides a brief textual description
of the state of MRBackup during backup and restore
operations.
Error Count
The Error Count gadget displays the number of errors
that have occurred during a backup or restore.
Home Path
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The Home Path gadget defines the home location for
files being backed up or restored. For backup operations, it
is the name of the "source" or "from" device or directory.
On restore operations, it is the name of the "destination"
or "to" device or directory. The "Home Path" may be the name
of any disk directory or volume or file-structured logical
name.
Current File
The Current File gadget is updated during backup and
restore operations to report the active file.
Backup Path
The Backup Path gadget defines the "offline" or
"archived" location for files being backed up or restored.
For backup operations, it is the name of the "destination"
or "to" device or directory. On restore operations, it is
the name of the "source" or "from" device or directory.
Note that its meaning is directly opposite to that of the
Home Path gadget. You should also note that the value input
to the Backup Path gadget is not verified immediately, as is
the Home Path. This allows you to specify a device or
directory which is not currently mounted. If you make an
erroneous entry, it will be detected and reported by the
backup or restore operations.
The "Backup Path" must specify the name of a floppy
disk device (DF0:, DF1:, etc.) if formatting is enabled (see
Formatting in a later paragraph). Otherwise, it may specify
any directory, volume or file-structured logical name.
Current Backup Volume
The Current Backup Volume gadget is updated by backup
and restore operations to display the volume name of the
backup device or directory.
Output Capacity
The Output Capacity gadget is similar in concept to a
fuel gauge. It graphically displays the amount of space
remaining on the output device, which is specified by the
Backup Path during backup operations and the Home Path
during restore operations.
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Blocks
For those of you with a digital mindset, the Blocks
gadget displays the same information as the Output Capacity
gadget, but with a digital readout of the number of blocks
available on the output device.
Listing Path
The Listing Path gadget specifies the pathname to be
used when writing the detailed listing of a backup
operations. It may specify the printer (PRT: default), a
file (i.e. MRBackup.list), or some other stream oriented
device, such as SER:. The Listing Path is only meaningful
when the Listing gadget is set to ON.
Listings are currently only generated when the Backup
command is used. Each time a backup is started, MRBackup
checks for the existence of the listing file. If it exists,
you will be prompted with a requester which says
Overwrite contents of listing file (NO = append)?
A YES response to this requester will cause the previous
contents of the listing file to be destroyed. A NO response
will cause new listing information to be appended to the end
of the listing file. In this manner, you can do separate
backups of different areas of your disk while accumulating
the summary information in one file.
Compression Filter
The Compression Filter gadget specifies the name of a
file which contains pathname patterns of files which should
not be compressed during backup. The default name of this
filter is "S:MRBackup.cflt". It has been found that certain
files will actually expand when subjected to the Lempel-Ziv
compression algorithm employed by MRBackup. Files which
fall into this category include archives created by the ARC
and Zoo programs. Also, files previously compressed should
not be compressed a second time. Other files which exhibit
this behavior include several types of graphics files, such
as IFF ILBM files and GIF files.
These pathname patterns use ARP-style wildcarding.
That is, both the asterisk (*) and the number-sign,
question-mark combination (#?) can be used to represent
multiple-character sequences. The full range of AmigaDOS
filename pattern specification can be employed.
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The compression filter file can be created with any
text editor or word processor which will output plain text.
Each line of the file should contain only one pattern.
Blank lines are ignored. Also, the specifications are
case-insensitive. That is, "SYSTEM" and "system" are
equivalent. It is important to note that the pathname
specifications are assumed to be RELATIVE to the home
device. Everything up to and including the colon (:) in the
Home Path specification should be omitted from the exclude
filter specifications.
There are three built-in patterns which need not be
included in the compression filter file. They are:
*.arc Files created by the ARC archiver
*.zoo Files created by the Zoo archiver
*.Z Files created by MRBackup compression or the
standalone "compress" utility.
Other specifications that you might want to include are:
*.GIF Graphics Interchange Format files (Compuserve)
*.IFF IFF files (assuming you use this convention)
Naturally, in order to fully utilize this feature, you will
have to adopt some naming conventions for files of this
category.
Backup Volume Prefix
When the Backup Path names a floppy diskette and
formatting is enabled, MRBackup must give a name to the
newly formatted diskette. The default naming convention
creates a string of the form "Backup MM-DD-YY.n" where <MM-
DD-YY> is the current date and <n> is the sequence number of
the diskette being formatted. You can override this
convention (somewhat) by typing a value into the Backup
Volume Prefix gadget. The diskette sequence number will be
appended to the prefix you choose. Note that certain
special characters are forbidden (#, ?, `, ', :, ").
MRBackup will convert these to a period.
Exclude Filter
The Exclude Filter gadget names a file which contains
lines describing files which should not be backed up. The
default pathname for this file is "S:MRBackup.xcld". Any
filename matching an entry in this list will be excluded
from a backup. The format of the Exclude Filter file is
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identical to that of the Compress Filter file. Here are some
examples:
; Exclude all object files
#?.o
; Exclude all files beginning with "System"
system*
; Exclude all ".info" files
*.info
; Exclude the "include" directory and all subdirectories
include
; Exclude any file ending in a period followed by one
character
#?.?
Preferences
The Preferences gadget specifies the name of the file
containing all of MRBackup's custom settings. When MRBackup
is started, it first looks for the file MRBackup.init, in
the current directory. If that file isn't found, it looks
for S:MRBackup.init. You may change some or all of
MRBackup's default settings, using the gadgets describe in
this section, then save them to the file specified by the
Preferences gadget. Each line in the file is either an
option setting, of the form:
OPTION = VALUE
or a comment. Comment lines begin with a semi-colon (;). A
sample initialization file is included on the next page. It
illustrates the use of all possible parameter settings.
8
; This is the MRBackup preferences/initialization file.
; This file is comprised of parameter settings and comment lines.
; Parameter setting lines are of the form:
; <keyword> = <value>
; where <keyword> names the parameter to be set and <value> is
; either a boolean (YES/NO) or a string value.
; Leading blanks are discarded and empty lines are ignored.
; Comments may begin with a semi-colon (;).
; Decimal value for screen color 0
color0 = 0
; Decimal value for screen color 1
color1 = 3020
; Decimal value for screen color 2
color2 = 4080
; Decimal value for screen color 3
color3 = 3616
; Level of Lempel-Ziv file compression.
compression = 13-Bit
; Level of Lempel-Zip file decompression.
decompression = 13-Bit
; Should MRBackup generate a paginated listing during backup?
listing = YES
; Should MRBackup talk to me?
speech = YES
; How should floppies be formatted during backup?
format = Quick
; Should MRBackup split large files across multiple floppies?
bigfiles = YES
; Should MRBackup set archive bits during backup/restore?
setarchivebits = NO
; Should MRBackup test archive bits during backup?
testarchivebits = NO
; What is the name of the logging file or device?
log = NEWCON:0/10/640/190/MRBackup.Log
; What is the name of the home device/volume/directory?
home = DH0:
; What is the name of the backup device/volume/directory?
backup = DF0:
; What is the name of the listing device or file?
list = PRT:
; What is the name of the exclude filter file?
exclude = MRBackup.xcld
; What is the name of the compression filter file?
cfilter = MRBackup.cflt
; What is the prefix to be used when naming backup diskettes?
prefix = MyBackup
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Log File
The Log File gadget contains the name of the file or device
(including console) which will receive special informational
messages output by MRBackup during the course of its operation.
You can disable the log file simply by clearing the Log File
gadget and pressing the RETURN key. Any stream-oriented file or
device specification is allowed. If you wish to direct the
logging output to a window, use a CON: or NEWCON: console
specification. Example:
NEWCON:0/10/640/190/MRBackup-LOG
If you do specify a console, you must be aware that the window
will be opened on the WorkBench screen, rather than MRBackup's
custom screen. To view the console window, just flip the
WorkBench screen to the front with the Left-Amiga N combination.
When you are done viewing it, return to the MRBackup screen with
Left-Amiga M.
Listing
The Listing gadget is an ON/OFF gadget (clicking on it will
invert its value) which controls whether a listing will be
produced when performing a backup.
Test Archive Bits
Each AmigaDOS file has a special flag, called an archive
bit, which can be used to indicate whether the file has been
archived by a disk backup program. If the Test Archive Bits
gadget is set to ON, only files whose archive bits are not set
will be considered for backup (the test date is also applied).
This gives you a very accurate method for incremental backup
selection if you're careful with your backup diskette library.
Also, see the Set Archive Bits gadget description.
Set Archive Bits
If this gadget is enabled, MRBackup will set the archive bit
of any file that it backs up. The archive bit will normally
remain set until the file is modified in some way. On subsequent
backups, if the file remains unchanged and the Test Archive Bits
gadget is enabled, the file will be excluded from that backup.
This provides an alternative to the Test Date when doing
incremental backups.
The setting of the archive bits is deferred until the backup
10
is completed or the current diskette is filled. Thus, should an
error occur during the backup, you won't be left with files whose
archive bits have been set but in reality do not exist on a good
backup disk.
Big Files
The Big Files gadget is an ON/OFF gadget which toggles its
value when clicked. When ON, it enables the archiving of "big"
files. Big files are files whose size exceeds the formatted
capacity of a standard 3.5" diskette (1756 blocks). In order to
backup big files, MRBackup must split them across two or more
diskettes. In order to accomplish this, a special information
file, MRBackup.bigfile, is written to each backup diskette
containing a big file. MRBackup also requires formatting to be
enabled in order for a big file backup to be attempted. If these
conditions are not met, MRBackup will simply skip over the big
file, reporting the event.
Voice
The Voice gadget is an ON/OFF gadget which enables/disables
MRBackup's ability to speak to you, using the Amiga's synthesized
voice capabilities. This is especially useful when doing
backups. When a new diskette is required, MRBackup will call you.
In order to enable the voice option, your system must have the
SPEAK: device mounted. SPEAK: was introduced with version 1.3 of
AmigaDOS.
Compression
The Compression gadget determines if file compression is to
be performed during backup and, if so, the size of the "codes"
used to perform the compression. Clicking on this gadget will
cause it to cycle through its range of values from "None" to "16-
Bit". See the section titled "Compression/Decompression" for
more details on file compression.
Decompression
The Decompression gadget behaves in much the same manner as
the Compression gadget, except that it controls the level of
decompression to be performed during restore operations. Thus,
you can independently control backup and restore compression.
During restore, files which were compressed with a larger code
size than that selected by the Decompression gadget will be
copied to the home device, rather than being decompressed.
Should you wish to decompress these files later, MRBackup will do
11
it for you. Just use the Utilities command in the Operations
menu.
Formatting
The Formatting gadget controls the level of formatting to be
applied to a diskette when a backup is done. Clicking on this
gadget will cause it to cycle through its range of possible
values. They are:
None - The diskette is assumed to be preformatted.
Files backed up to the diskette will either be added to
files already on the diskette. If a file by the same
name already exists, it will be overwritten.
Normal - The diskette will be completely formatted.
Quick - The diskette must have been previously
formatted. It may be a brand new diskette or one with
old files on it. All information about existing files
on the diskette is erased. Since only two tracks need
to be rewritten in order to do this, the diskette is
initialized very quickly. If you batch-format new
disks as you purchase them, this mode is highly
recommended, as it will save you a fair amount of time
over the "Normal" mode.
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Error Handling
The Error Handling gadget controls the level of error
handling that MRBackup will employ during backup and restore
operations. Clicking on this gadget will cause it to cycle
through its range of values. They are:
Interactive - When an error is encountered, MRBackup
will report the error, then present you with a
requester listing the recovery options that are
available.
Retry - When an error occurs, MRBackup will attempt the
operation again, up to the number of retries specified
in the Retries gadget (later). Errors will be counted
and displayed in the Error Count gadget.
Ignore - MRBackup will attempt to recover from the
error by retrying up to the number of retries specified
in the Retries gadget. If recovery isn't achieved,
MRBackup will skip the current operation and go on to
the next. For obvious reasons, this mode of operation
is not recommended, though it is provided for the user
who sees a need for it.
Abort - upon detection of any error, MRBackup will
promptly terminate the current operation after
reporting the error.
Retries
The Retries gadget determines the number of times that
MRBackup will attempt to recover from a file or disk error
before aborting or proceeding to the next file.
Compression/Decompression
The form of compression employed by MRBackup is Lempel-Ziv,
used in popular archiving programs and the compress program on
Unix systems. It is reasonably efficient, performing compression
"on-the-fly" (requires only 1 pass of a file) and can yield
compression factors on the order of 35% - 65% (typical).
Compression is achieved by remapping byte sequences in a
file to new "codes". Usually, the remapping results in code
sequences whose total number of bits is less than the number of
bits in the original file data. The codes have a maximum size,
specified as a number of bits, which governs the overall
13
performance of the compression. MRBackup supports code sizes in
the range of 12-16 bits. The larger code sizes require more
processor time to compress a given file and more memory to hold
the code tables. Using 12-Bit codes requires an additional 30000
bytes of memory (vs. no compression). 16-Bit codes require an
additional 414000 (yes!) bytes. You will not be able to use 16-
Bit codes on a minimally equipped Amiga. Depending upon the
amount of memory you have available, you may have to terminate
some applications and/or close some windows in order to free up
enough memory to use 16-Bit codes. If this doesn't work, reduce
the code size until you find a value that works on your machine.
The Operations Menu
MRBackup currently has one Menu, titled the "Operations
Menu". Each item in the menu causes some operation to be
performed. The Operations Menu items are:
Backup
This command begins the backup process. You should
first be sure that all program settings are correct.
Colors
The Colors command pops up a color palette requester on
your screen. With it, you can change the 4 colors used by
MRBackup's screen and windows.
Resume Backup
This command allows you to backup your hard disk in
stages or recover from an interruption, such as a power
failure. Prior to "starting" each backup diskette, MRBackup
writes information about its current internal state to a
file named S:MRBackup.context. The first line of this file
is the disk sequence number (1..n). The second line is the
name of the first file to be written to the floppy. The
third line is the backup "delta date". Subsequent lines are
the names of files and directories in MRBackup's top-level
file list. As long as the file specified in line 2 can be
found, MRBackup should be able to resume your backup, even
if changes have occurred since the original backup was
interrupted. You may even edit the context file for special
situations where you wish to backup a disjoint set of
directories.
14
Restore
Restore allows you to recover files from backup
diskettes previously created with the Backup or Resume
Backup commands. MRBackup will prompt you for diskettes as
they are needed. Note that there is no rigid order for
restoring diskettes.
Load Preferences
This command reads all MRBackup program settings from
the file specified by the Preferences gadget. You would
typically use this command to restore MRBackup's settings to
your startup settings.
Save Preferences
This command writes the MRBackup's current settings to
the file specified by the Preferences gadget. This allows
you to establish MRBackup's default initialization
parameters. MRBackup will attempt to make a copy of the
current preferences to a file of the same name, but with an
extension of ".bak". If the preferences name you have
specified does not currently exist, MRBackup will inform you
that it could not make a backup.
Utilities
The Utilities command provides tools for performing
certain operations on select groups of files. It provides
its own window and support gadgetry. The utilities provided
and the means for accessing them are described in a later
section of this document. PLEASE READ THE UTILITIES
DOCUMENTATION CAREFULLY! Operation of these utilities is
not entirely intuitive and there are certain operating
characteristics that you must be aware of if you are to use
them correctly. Also, these utilities do not attempt to be
a replacement for the standard AmigaDos utilities. Rather,
they are provided as a convenience for use while running
MRBackup.
Quit
Alas - all good things must come to an end. As much fun
as MRBackup is to use, you'll probably want to put it away
once in a while :-).
15
Backing Up a Disk
The instructions that follow assume you are going to
backup your hard disk, or a portion of it, to unformatted
diskettes. You may also move files from/to just about any
file-structured volume or directory. Just remember to
disable disk formatting to relax the Backup Path
restrictions. To back up your hard disk, or a section of it,
first get an indication of the size of the area with the
Info command, "ls" (if you have it), List, etc. To get a
rough estimate of the number of diskettes required, divide
the total number of bytes (blocks * 512) by 800000. If you
have enabled file compression, multiply this result by 0.60.
This should give you a very rough estimate (probably high)
of the number of diskettes required to back up that area.
The diskettes selected for backup need not be
preformatted, as MRBackup will format them as needed. If you
are using previously formatted diskettes, remember that you
can save time if you use the Quick format option. Remember
that formatting (Normal or Quick) will destroy any data
previously stored on your diskettes.
Once your diskettes are ready and stacked neatly within
reach (get some labels and your favorite marker pen, too!),
the fun begins. First, modify the pathname specifications
according to your requirements. Normally, the "Home Path"
would be the device name of your hard disk or a directory on
it (e.g. DH0:) while the "Backup Path" would specify the
device name of one of your floppy drives (e.g. DF0:). While
earlier versions of MRBackup were pretty rigid in this
regard, this version will allow you to specify ANY disk
device name in either specification. PLEASE BE CAREFUL!
Many users asked for this increased flexibility. Just be
aware that it carries with it an increased risk that you now
have more "opportunity" to burn yourself with improper
pathname specifications.
Finally, the listing path may be set to the printer
device (PRT:) or to the name of a file on a hard drive or
any available floppy drive not being used by the backup. The
listing path will be ignored if you set the Listing gadget
to OFF.
Make sure that you have set the desired options in the
main window, then select Backup from the Operations menu.
Once the date has been entered, the rest is fairly
automatic. You will be prompted immediately for a diskette.
Insert it into the floppy drive that you specified in the
backup path and the disk requester will be satisfied. Should
you want to abort, simply hit the CANCEL gadget in the
16
requester. Also, you may abort the backup process at any
time by hitting the STOP gadget which appears in the top
left area of the screen. This gadget is checked prior to
each block write operation, so be patient if it does not
respond immediately. Use the STOP gadget with caution-
it really lives up to its name! You may also use the PAUSE
gadget to suspend a backup or restore operation. Once the
PAUSE gadget is hit, it must be hit again to resume the
current operation.
As each diskette is filled, you should promptly label
it. If formatting is enabled, MRBackup automatically
generates volume names of the form:
Backup MM-DD-YY.<sequence number>
Also to be noted is the fact that the files on the backup
media retain the creation/modification date, comments
(FileNotes) and protection bits of their counterparts on the
home device.
You will find that the Amiga's multitasking environment
shines when using this program. For those long-haul backups,
get everything started, then shove MRBackup's screen to the
back and go start something useful. MRBackup will carry on
without your watchful eye. When it needs a disk, the disk
requester will pop out in front of everything and MRBackup
will ask (out loud, if voice is enabled ) for another disk.
Having something else to do will make the time pass faster.
Restoring the Backups
No, this isn't always the bad part. Backup and restore
can also be useful when your hard disk is crowded and you
have to "juggle" data around. The restoration process is
quite similar, mechanically, to the backup process - it's
just reversed. In addition, the meanings of the pathname
specifications are altered somewhat. The "Home path"
describes the destination for the restored files and, as
with the backup process, may specify any valid directory or
file-structured device pathname. The "Backup Path" describes
the file or files to be restored and thus may be defined
down to the file level (1 file).
Note that on a restore operation, the file creation
date of the backup file is compared to its matching file (if
it exists) on the home device. If the file on the home
device has the same date or is newer, the file will not be
replaced. If you wish to restore the older copy, it must be
deleted first.
17
Utilities Operation
The MRBackup Utilities window is activated by selecting
"Utilities" from the Operations menu. The utilities provide a
range of services which augment the power of MRBackup and lend
convenience to its use. PLEASE READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY! The
proper operation of these utilities may run counter to what you
expect and some of the features/capabilities are quite subtle.
The first point to be noted is that these utilities are
designed primarily to perform operations across directory or
device boundaries, though the Compress and Decompress operations
may be performed in a single directory and the Delete operation
always works on a single directory. At the heart of the
utilities' operation is a highly interactive file requester which
supports the concept of "extended selection" (quite common on
you-know-who's computer). With extended selection, you can
select a subset of files listed for a given directory by holding
down the SHIFT key during the selection process. This group of
files may then be "fed" to the desired operation. I will discuss
this in more detail later on.
Now, let's get acquainted with the layout of the MRBackup
Utilities window. If MRBackup isn't already running on your
Amiga, fire it up and select the Utilities command from the
Operations menu. Refer to the screen while reading this document
to maintain your orientation.
Note that when the Utilities are selected, a new window
appears. Also note the "close box" (rectangle with the dot in
the middle) on the title bar of the MRBackup Utilities window.
The utilities are exited by clicking in the close box. Though it
is possible to flip back and forth between the Utilities window
and the main window (for parameter viewing purposes), you should
confine your actions to the Utilities window until you are
through with the services that it provides. Mouse-clicks and
menu operations in the main window are ignored while the
Utilities window is open.
Now let's get oriented. The top-leftmost gadget is labeled
"DRIVE". This gadget allows you to cycle through the currently
mounted disk volumes (logical and physical drives). This gadget
is only active when either the "From" or "To" switch (later) has
been set to "ON". To the right of the DRIVE gadget is a string
gadget labeled "FileSpec". This gadget allows you to limit your
file searches ("From" directory only) to only those files
matching a given pattern. Normally, this pattern, if specified,
will include the wildcard characters "*", "#?" and "?". For
instance (and we're jumping ahead of ourselves a little), if you
want to decompress a group of files, it is highly recommended
that you first enter the string "*.Z" into the FileSpec gadget.
18
This limits visibility to only those files which end in ".Z" (the
only files which can be decompressed). If you wanted to delete
all object files, you would probably enter "*.o" into the
FileSpec gadget. Get the picture? For those who are totally
unfamiliar with wildcard (meta) characters, an asterisk (*) or
number sign and question mark (#?) are used to represent any
number of characters, while a question mark (?) represents
exactly one character. Got the drift? Good.
Below the FileSpec gadget are two triplets of gadgets,
labeled "From" and "To". The "From" gadget is a device or
directory pathname specification for a group of files to be
operated on. The "To" gadget specifies the device or directory
which is the destination for these files (when it is appropriate
to have a destination - DELETE has no destination). The ON/OFF
switches to the left of the From and To gadgets determine which
path's files are currently displayed in the file display box at
the bottom of the window. To the left of the "From" and "To"
pathname gadgets are a couple of upward pointing arrows. These
gadgets attempt to obtain the parent directory or device for the
pathname currently displayed. For example, if the "From" gadget
is currently displaying the pathname
DH0:Devs/Printers
clicking on the arrow gadget will cause
DH0:Devs
to be displayed, the file display box (big box at the bottom)
will be cleared and a new file scan will be started. You should
also note that the switch gadget related to that gadget need not
be open for this behavior to occur.
The next string gadget (down) is labeled "Info". The "Info"
gadget is used to display general information about the status of
the Utilities, including the name of the current file being
processed and error reports.
Now we get to the good part. You should see a big box with
a border in the center of the screen. Immediately to its right
is a slider gadget. To the right of the slider are two boxes
labeled "All Files" and "Clear". These all make up the file
requester that control the Utilities operation. You've probably
used similar file requesters before. Though I wrote original
code for this, I tip my hat to Charlie Heath (MicroSmiths) and
Peter da Silva for their pioneering in this area. I borrowed
heavily from their prior works. In discussing the operation of
the file requester, I will be referring back to the previously
described gadgets.
In order to do something here, you first have to select one
19
or more files to "do it to". This group of files is described by
the "From" list. You can start a scan for this list by entering
the desired starting path in the From pathname gadget and hitting
the RETURN key or by clicking on the associated switch gadget.
If you have done this correctly, you should immediately note a
bustle of activity as the disk is searched and the screen is
updated. You should observe filenames appearing in the requester
display box and the slider bar should start to shrink. Depending
on the starting path you entered into the "From" gadget, you
might notice that some of the filenames are displayed in the same
color as the title bar, while others are displayed in the color
used by the requester and gadget borders. Those displayed in the
menu bar's color are simple filenames, while the others are the
names of directories. If you want a good illustration of this,
select FONTS: or DEVS: as the starting path. You should also
note that the filenames appear in unsorted order. They will
remain unsorted until you click on the slider.
Now let's discuss the interactive and interruptible nature
of the file requester. The normal human tendency is to start a
scan, then sit back until some indication is given that the scan
is complete, then start mucking with the list of files. Don't be
so polite! You can do just about anything, including clicking on
those big boxes to the right (command buttons) that I haven't
described yet. To select a file, position the mouse pointer over
its name in the display box and click once. You should notice
that the filename is now displayed in reverse video. This means
that the file is selected. If you click the same file again
(after a short pause), the file will revert to normal video (the
unselected state - sort of like Rhode Island :-). If you wish to
select multiple files, depress the SHIFT key (either one) prior
to clicking the mouse. Otherwise, the previously selected
file(s) will be deselected. If you wish to select ALL files,
wait until the scan is complete, then click in the little box to
the right of the "All Files" gadget. To clear all file
selections, click in the little box to the right of the "Clear"
gadget.
You will notice that only 12 filenames can appear in the
display box at any time. By using the slider, you can
view/select other files in the list. You do this by "dragging"
the slider bar - click the mouse on it and, while holding the
mouse button down, drag the mouse pointer downward. As you drag
it, other filenames should be revealed (depending upon how many
files exist in the currently selected directory). The size of
the slider bar is proportional to the number of files in the
directory. If half of the files are visible, the bar will be
one-half the size of the slider box. Also, note that if a scan
is in progress, the file list will be resorted (case-insensitive)
each time you click on the slider.
To descend to deeper levels in the directory structure, you
20
can either type a new name in the From gadget (the hard way) or
you can double-click (two mouse clicks in rapid succession) any
of the red (directory name) entries visible in the display box.
A new scan will immediately be started even if the current scan
is not complete. To go back up the directory tree, click the up-
arrow gadget described earlier. Again, the current scan (if
active) will be abandoned and a new one started at the next
higher level.
The preceding discussion has focused on the behavior of the
file requester when the "From" list is active. Though its
behavior for the "To" list is similar, there are some strong
differences. First of all, the object of a "To" scan is to
select a target DIRECTORY (not a file). Although both file names
and directory names appear in the display list when doing a "To"
scan, only directory names can be selected. Also, extended
selection (via SHIFT key or the "All Files" gadget) is
meaningless here and so it is not supported. You just use the
"To" scan to locate a target directory. Once found,
double-clicking on the directory name will cause it to be added
to the "To" pathname. The interruptible nature of the file
requester is also supported for this mode.
Before getting to the processing options (soon, I promise!),
there is one other file requester behavior to note. If you start
a scan for one list, then start a scan for the other list before
the first one is complete, the partial results of the first scan
will be abandoned. If the scan is allowed to complete, you may
then activate the other list, do some navigating, then reactivate
the other list. It will be redisplayed immediately without a re-
scan. This may not be what you want, especially if both "From"
and "To" lists are on diskettes which have been swapped in or
out. To force a rescan, just position the mouse pointer into the
appropriate "From" or "To" pathname gadget and press the RETURN
key.
OK, let's get back to those labeled buttons at the bottom of
the window. Those are the "command buttons" which tell MRBackup
to start performing specific processing on the files you have
selected. For all operations, the name of the file being
processed is displayed in the "Info" gadget. If an error occurs
that MRBackup considers "tolerable", you will be prompted with a
requester that will give you the choice of continuing or
aborting.
As each file is processed, its name is removed from the list
and the display box is refreshed. When processing is complete,
one of two things will happen. If there were errors, the display
box will be left displaying the names of the files that were not
processed. If all went well, a new scan will be started for the
"From" list.
21
You may interrupt a command button's processing at any time
by clicking on it again. This will cause a requester to pop up,
asking if you wish to abort the operation. A "Yes" response will
terminate the current command, while a "No" response will allow
processing to continue.
Please note that no support currently exists for processing
a complete hierarchy of subdirectories. Though you are allowed
to select directory entries, the utilities won't automatically
descend to the next level and process files there. You will have
to "manually" descend to the next lower level by double-clicking
on the directory entry.
The description of the command buttons and their processing
follows:
Compress
The selected files will be compressed, using the same
Lempel-Ziv method used by the Backup command. The number of bits
used is determined by the Compression gadget setting in the main
window. Unlike the Backup command, however, files that don't
compress properly are not copied instead. The file date and
comment are maintained. The destination file will have the suffix
".Z" appended to its name. Also - and this is important! - if
the "From" and "To" specifications are identical, the original
file will be deleted if the compression is successful. This is
standard Unix compress behavior which seems quite appropriate to
me.
Decompress
The selected files will be decompressed. The maximum
compression code size allowed is determined by the Decompression
gadget setting in the main window. Note that only files whose
names end in ".Z" will be processed, regardless of what may be in
your selection list. It is a good idea to type ".Z" into the
FileSpec gadget to limit visibility only to compressed files.
This will prevent confusion. The file date and comment are
maintained. Again, as with compress, if the "From" and "To"
specifications are the same, the original file will be deleted
after a successful decompression.
Copy
The selected files will be copied to the "To" directory,
which MUST BE DIFFERENT than the "From" directory. File dates
and comments are maintained.
22
Rename
The selected files are renamed (moved) to a new directory.
The "From" and "To" directories MUST BE DIFFERENT. Also note
that you cannot rename across device boundaries. If you wish to
do this, use a combination of the Copy and Delete operations.
Delete
The selected files are deleted. Period. Please be careful
with this as there is currently no "last chance" prompt prior to
the operation.
SetArcBit
The AmigaDOS "archive bit" will be set for all selected
files. This could be used to inhibit the backup of certain files
when the "Use Archive Bits" flag is set.
ClrArcBit
The AmigaDOS "archive bit" will be cleared for all selected
files. This would assure that certain files would be backed up
when the "Use Archive Bits" flag is set. Another use for this
operation is to "unmark" files that were marked as archived
during a failed backup operation. This would be done before the
"Resume Backup" command is used.
There's room for lots more stuff here, but the usual lack of
time keeps me from getting them in this release. I would like to
add a MakeDir command and possibly add an "Execute" command
button which would fire a command off to a CLI. Also nice would
be some running statistics (file count, bytes in/out, etc.)
during file processing. Support for nested directories is next
on the agenda. Please give me your feedback on your impressions
and any suggestions you might have.
Using RAD: for Speedy Backups
John Hopf of Newport, RI, called me to report a "bug" with
MRBackup when he used RAD: as his backup destination. Huh? It
seems that John discovered that MRBackup is blazingly (well,
quite) fast when RAD: is used as the output device. John's
approach is to backup to RAD:, then DiskCopy from RAD: to a
floppy diskette. Though the process sounds klunky, the overall
reduction in time is remarkable (about a factor of 6).
23
The only thing keeping John from employing this technique
fully was the failure of MRBackup to properly format RAD:. Well,
that's no longer a problem. If you wish to employ this
technique, add an entry to your DEVS:MountList file which creates
a RAD: drive with a structure identical to a 3.5" floppy disk. Be
sure to Mount the drive when you boot your system. Start MRBackup
with "Run MRBackup", leaving the CLI free for the DiskCopy
command. Now, proceed to do your backups. MRBackup will prompt
for a new disk each time RAD: is full. At this point, push
MRBackup's screen to the back, pop a floppy disk into a drive and
diskcopy from rad: to <floppydrive>
When the copy completes, pop MRBackup's screen to the front and
click the OK gadget on the requester, allowing MRBackup to
proceed.
Thanks for an excellent idea, John!
24
Warranties and Support
There are no warranties, either expressed or implied, with
regard to the use of this program. Use it at your own risk. I
have tested MRBackup thoroughly, but not exhaustively. A bug or
two is bound to be lurking around, though none that would shut
you down completely.
As for support, I will do my best to respond to bug reports
for as long as I have an Amiga in working condition (I hope
that's a l-o-n-g time). If you have a situation which has
worsened as a result of using MRBackup, I will work with you
immediately to rectify the problem. I will only support the most
recent version, so please know your version number if you call.
MRBackup is a "laid back shareware" program. I would like
some compensation for my efforts, especially for the effort that
went into version 3.0. A donation of $10.00 would be greatly
appreciated. However, I welcome feedback from all MRBackup users,
so don't be reluctant to call or write if you're a non-
contributing user. Matter of fact, you can consider the long
distance phone call (Rhode Island is long distance to everywhere
- even Rhode Island :-( ) to be a contribution!
25
MRBackup Roll of Honor
The following users have sent shareware contributions
exceeding the requested $2.00 for a copy of MRBackup. I would
like to publicly thank them by including their names in this
"MRBackup Roll of Honor". If I have forgotten to add your name to
the list, please let me know.
Robert Andersen Vancouver, British Columbia
Toby Cabot, Warwick, RI
Henrik Clausen, Denmark
Paul Coene, Rochester, NY
Fran Combar, Bridgewater, NY
James De Marco, N. Chelmsford, MA
Allan Duncan, Australia
Andrew Drummond, Cayman Islands, British West Indies
Clive Ellis, Escondido, CA
Raymond Erming Malmo, Sweden
Don Estok, USCG, Kodiak, AK
Robert Farrel, Tivoli, NY
Glen Feely, Kinosha, WI
Frank Frickey, Bad Homburg, West Germany
Otto Gruber, Wappingers Falls, NY
Volker Herrmann, Giessen, West Germany
Ray Hulinsky, Lincoln, NE
Alan Kelm, Ottawa, Ontario
Tony Koehn, Hutchinson, KS
Ken Lazzaro, El Cajon, CA
Henry Marszal, Vermilion, OH
Patrick Palmer, Chicago, IL
Justin Parker, Santa Fe, NM
Grant Robertson, Los Angeles, CA
John Sauter, Merrimack, NH
Sean Schur, Los Angeles, CA
David Spitler, Louisville, KY
W.H. Stanton, St. Albans, England
Lorrie Shattuck, Walled Lake, MI
Alexander Smith, Ottawa, Ontario
Milt Very, Oakdale, CA
Ralph Watson, Chesterfield, SC
Tom Zartler, West Chester, PA
Roll of honor members will receive special notice
(unsolicited/free updates, in some cases) of new MRBackup
releases and other PD stuff that I may find the time to write.
26
Permissions
You are permitted to use MRBackup and redistribute it
freely. No charge (other than reasonable duplication fees - $5.00
or less) may be made for MRBackup.
If you wish to contact me, I can be reached at the following
addresses:
Usenet: mrr@amanpt1.Newport.RI.US (always)
Compu$erve: 72017, 136 (infrequently)
BIX: markr (regularly, I hope)
or
Mark R. Rinfret
348 Indian Avenue
Portsmouth, RI 02871
401-846-7639 (home) (1900-2200 weekdays, 0700-2200 weekends)
401-849-8900 (work) (0700-1730)
27
Index
"All Files" gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20
"Clear" gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
"Current File" gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 21
"From" gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
"NOW" gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
"To" gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Abort
error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Archive bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Archive Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Arp.library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ARP-style wildcarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Arrow gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Backing Up a Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Backup Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
Backup Path gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Backup Volume Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Beginning of history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Big files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Big Files gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Blocks gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Charlie Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ClrArcBit
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Code sizes
compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Codes, compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Colors
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Command buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 22
Comment lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Compress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Compression Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Compression filter file
format of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Compression gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 22
Compression/Decompression
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Copy
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Creation/modification date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Current Backup Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Current File gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Date and time format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Decompress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
28
Decompression gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 22
Delete
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Disk sequence number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Document file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Error Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Error Count gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Error Handling gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exclude Filter file
format of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exclude Filter gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Extended selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
File creation date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
File display box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
File requester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
FileSpec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
FileSpec gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Formatting gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
From gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Home Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
Home Path gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ignore
error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Incremental backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Initialization parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Interactive
error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lempel-Ziv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 22
Lempel-Ziv compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Listing gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 16
Listing Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 16
Listing Path gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Load Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Main Window Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
MRBackup Roll of Honor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
MRBackup Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
MRBackup.bigfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
MRBackup.context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
MRBackup.init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
MRBackup.xcld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ON/OFF switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Output Capacity gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Parent directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Pathname specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
29
PAUSE gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Peter da Silva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Preferences gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Protection bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Quick format option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Quit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Rename
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 15, 17
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Restoring the Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Resume Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15, 23
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Retries gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Retry
error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Save Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Select multiple files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Set Archive Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SetArcBit
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Slider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Slider bar
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Speak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SPEAK: device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Status gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
STOP gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Support files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Switch gadget
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Test Archive Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Test Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
To gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Up-arrow gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Using RAD: for Speedy Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 18
Operations Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Utilities Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Voice gadget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Volume names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Warranties and Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Yesterday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
30